# Chapter 3: Logback configuration

In symbols one observes an advantage in discovery which is greatest when they express the exact nature of a thing briefly and, as it were, picture it; then indeed the labor of thought is wonderfully diminished.

—GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ

Joran stands for a cold north-west wind which, every now and then, blows forcefully on Lake Geneva. Located right in the middle of Europe, Lake Geneva happens to be the continent's largest sweet water reserve.

In the first part, we start by presenting ways for configuring logback, with many example configuration scripts. In the second part, we present Joran, a generic configuration framework, which you can put into use in order to configure your own applications.

## Configuration in logback

Inserting log requests into the application code requires a fair amount of planning and effort. Observation shows that approximately four percent of code is dedicated to logging. Consequently, even a moderately sized application will contain thousands of logging statements embedded within its code. Given their number, we need tools to manage these log statements.

Logback can be configured either programmatically or with a configuration script expressed in XML or Groovy format. By the way, existing log4j users can convert their log4j.properties files to logback.xml using our PropertiesTranslator web-application.

Let us begin by discussing the initialization steps that logback follows to try to configure itself:

1. Logback tries to find a file called logback.groovy in the classpath.

2. If no such file is found, logback tries to find a file called logback-test.xml in the classpath.

3. If no such file is found, it checks for the file logback.xml in the classpath..

4. If neither file is found, logback configures itself automatically using the `BasicConfigurator` which will cause logging output to be directed to the console.

The fourth and last step is meant to provide a default (but very basic) logging functionality in the absence of a configuration file.

If you are using Maven and if you place the logback-test.xml under the src/test/resources folder, Maven will ensure that it won't be included in the artifact produced. Thus, you can use a different configuration file, namely logback-test.xml during testing, and another file, namely, logback.xml, in production. The same principle applies by analogy for Ant.

### Automatically configuring logback

The simplest way to configure logback is by letting logback fall back to its default configuration. Let us give a taste of how this is done in an imaginary application called `MyApp1`.

Example: Simple example of `BasicConfigurator` usage (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/MyApp1.java)

    package manual.configuration;

    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

    public class MyApp1 {
      final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyApp1.class);

      public static void main(String[] args) {
        logger.info("Entering application.");

        Foo foo = new Foo();
        foo.doIt();
        logger.info("Exiting application.");
      }
    }

This class defines a static logger variable. It then instantiates a `Foo` object. The `Foo` class is listed below:

Example: Small class doing logging (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/Foo.java)

    package chapters.configuration;

    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

    public class Foo {
      static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Foo.class);

      public void doIt() {
        logger.debug("Did it again!");
      }
    }

In order to run the examples in this chapter, you need to make sure that certain jar files are present on the class path. Please refer to the setup page for further details.

Assuming the configuration files logback-test.xml or logback.xml are not present, logback will default to invoking `BasicConfigurator` which will set up a minimal configuration. This minimal configuration consists of a `ConsoleAppender` attached to the root logger. The output is formatted using a `PatternLayoutEncoder` set to the pattern %d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n. Moreover, by default the root logger is assigned the `DEBUG` level.

Thus, the output of the command java chapters.configuration.MyApp1 should be similar to:

16:06:09.031 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp1 - Entering application. 16:06:09.046 [main] DEBUG chapters.configuration.Foo - Did it again! 16:06:09.046 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp1 - Exiting application.

Except code that configures logback (if such code exists) client code does not need to depend on logback. Applications that use logback as their logging framework will have a compile-time dependency on SLF4J but not logback.

The `MyApp1` application links to logback via calls to `org.slf4j.LoggerFactory` and `org.slf4j.Logger` classes, retrieve the loggers it wishes to use, and chugs on. Note that the only dependencies of the `Foo` class on logback are through `org.slf4j.LoggerFactory` and `org.slf4j.Logger` imports. Except code that configures logback (if such code exists) client code does not need to depend on logback. Since SLF4J permits the use of any logging framework under its abstraction layer, it is easy to migrate large bodies of code from one logging framework to another.

### Automatic configuration with logback-test.xml or logback.xml

As mentioned earlier, logback will try to configure itself using the files logback-test.xml or logback.xml if found on the class path. Here is a configuration file equivalent to the one established by `BasicConfigurator` we've just seen.

Example: Basic configuration file (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/sample0.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <!-- encoders are assigned the type
             ch.qos.logback.classic.encoder.PatternLayoutEncoder by default -->
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

After you have renamed sample0.xml as logback.xml (or logback-test.xml) place it into a directory accessible from the class path. Running the MyApp1 application should give identical results to its previous run.

#### Automatic printing of status messages in case of warning or errors

If warning or errors occur during the parsing of the configuration file, logback will automatically print its internal status messages on the console.

If warnings or errors occur during the parsing of the configuration file, logback will automatically print status data on the console. In the absence of warnings or errors, if you still wish to inspect logback's internal status, then you can instruct logback to print status data by invoking the `print()` of the `StatusPrinter` class. The MyApp2 application shown below is identical to MyApp1 except for the addition of two lines of code for printing internal status data.

Example: Print logback's internal status information (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/MyApp2.java)

      public static void main(String[] args) {
        // assume SLF4J is bound to logback in the current environment
        LoggerContext lc = (LoggerContext) LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory();
        // print logback's internal status
        StatusPrinter.print(lc);
        ...
      }

If everything goes well, you should see the following output on the console

    17:44:58,578 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.LoggerContext[default] - Found resource [logback-test.xml]
    17:44:58,671 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.ConfigurationAction - debug attribute not set
    17:44:58,671 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderAction - About to instantiate appender of type [ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender]
    17:44:58,687 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderAction - Naming appender as [STDOUT]
    17:44:58,812 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderAction - Popping appender named [STDOUT] from the object stack
    17:44:58,812 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.action.LevelAction - root level set to DEBUG
    17:44:58,812 |-INFO in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.action.AppenderRefAction - Attaching appender named [STDOUT] to Logger[root]

    17:44:58.828 [main] INFO  chapters.configuration.MyApp2 - Entering application.
    17:44:58.828 [main] DEBUG chapters.configuration.Foo - Did it again!
    17:44:58.828 [main] INFO  chapters.configuration.MyApp2 - Exiting application.

At the end of this output, you can recognize the lines that were printed in the previous example. You should also notice the logback's internal messages, a.k.a. `Status` objects, which allow convenient access to logback's internal state.

Instead of invoking `StatusPrinter` programmatically from your code, you can instruct the configuration file to dump status data, even in the absence of errors. To achieve this, you need to set the debug attribute of the configuration element, i.e. the top-most element in the configuration file, as shown below. Please note that this debug attribute relates only to the status data. It does not affect logback's configuration otherwise, in particular with respect to logger levels. (If you are asking, no, the root logger will not be set to `DEBUG`.)

Example: Basic configuration file using debug mode (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/sample1.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration debug="true">

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <!-- encoders are  by default assigned the type
             ch.qos.logback.classic.encoder.PatternLayoutEncoder -->
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

Setting the `debug` attribute within the <configuration> element will output status information, assuming that:

1. the configuration file is found
2. the configuration file is well-formed XML.

If any of these two conditions is not fulfilled, Joran cannot interpret the debug attribute since the configuration file cannot be read. If the configuration file is found but is malformed, then logback will detect the error condition and automatically print its internal status on the console. However, if the configuration file cannot be found, logback will not automatically print its status data, since this is not necessarily an error condition. Programmatically invoking `StatusPrinter.print()` as in the MyApp2 application above ensures that status information is always printed.

As of version 1.0.1, setting the debug attribute is equivalent to registering an `OnConsoleStatusListener` with the `StatusManager`. Thus, problems occurring during the lifetime of your application, well after logback is initialized, can be reported. Refer to the section on status listeners further below.

### Specifying the location of the default configuration file as a system property

If you wish, you can specify the location of the default configuration file with a system property named `logback.configurationFile`. The value of this property can be a URL, a resource on the class path or a path to a file external to the application.

java -Dlogback.configurationFile=/path/to/config.xml chapters.configuration.MyApp1

### Automatically reloading configuration file upon modification

Logback-classic can scan for changes in its configuration file and automatically reconfigure itself when the configuration file changes.

If instructed to do so, logback-classic will scan for changes in its configuration file and automatically reconfigure itself when the configuration file changes. In order to instruct logback-classic to scan for changes in its configuration file and to automatically re-configure itself set the scan attribute of the `<configuration>` element to true, as shown next.

Example: Scanning for changes in configuration file and automatic re-configuration (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/scan1.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration scan="true">
      ...
    </configuration>

By default, the configuration file will be scanned for changes once every minute. You can specify a different scanning period by setting the scanPeriod attribute of the `<configuration>` element. Values can be specified in units of milliseconds, seconds, minutes or hours. Here is an example:

Example: Specifying a different scanning period (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/scan2.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration scan="true" scanPeriod="30 seconds" >
      ...
    </configuration>

If no unit of time is specified, then the unit of time is assumed to be milliseconds, which is usually inappropriate. If you change the default scanning period, do not forget to specify a time unit.

Behind the scenes, when you set the scan attribute to true, a `TurboFilter` called ReconfigureOnChangeFilter will be installed. TurboFilters are described in a later chapter. As a consequence, scanning is done "in-thread", that is any time a printing method of logger is invoked. For example, for a logger named `myLogger`, when you write "myLogger.debug("hello");", and if the scan attribute is set to true, then `ReconfigureOnChangeFilter` will be invoked. Moreover, the said filter will be invoked even if `myLogger` is disabled for the debug level.

Given that `ReconfigureOnChangeFilter` is invoked every time any logger is invoked, the filter is performance critical. In order to improve performance, instead of checking whether to scan or not on every logger invocation, `ReconfigureOnChangeFilter` is in reality "alive" only once every 16 logging operations. In short, when a configuration file changes, it will be automatically reloaded after a delay determined by the scanning period and several logger invocations.

### Invoking `JoranConfigurator` directly

Logback relies on a configuration library called Joran, part of logback-core. Logback's default configuration mechanism invokes `JoranConfigurator` on the default configuration file it finds on the class path. If you wish to override logback's default configuration mechanism for whatever reason, you can do so by invoking `JoranConfigurator` directly. The next application, MyApp3, invokes JoranConfigurator on a configuration file passed as a parameter.

Example: Invoking `JoranConfigurator` directly (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/MyApp3.java)

    package chapters.configuration;

    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

    import ch.qos.logback.classic.LoggerContext;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.joran.JoranConfigurator;
    import ch.qos.logback.core.joran.spi.JoranException;
    import ch.qos.logback.core.util.StatusPrinter;

    public class MyApp3 {
      final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyApp3.class);

      public static void main(String[] args) {
        // assume SLF4J is bound to logback in the current environment
        LoggerContext context = (LoggerContext) LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory();

        try {
          JoranConfigurator configurator = new JoranConfigurator();
          configurator.setContext(context);
          // Call context.reset() to clear any previous configuration, e.g. default
          // configuration. For multi-step configuration, omit calling context.reset().
          context.reset();
          configurator.doConfigure(args[0]);
        } catch (JoranException je) {
          // StatusPrinter will handle this
        }
        StatusPrinter.printInCaseOfErrorsOrWarnings(context);

        logger.info("Entering application.");

        Foo foo = new Foo();
        foo.doIt();
        logger.info("Exiting application.");
      }
    }

This application fetches the `LoggerContext` currently in effect, creates a new `JoranConfigurator`, sets the context on which it will operate, resets the logger context, and then finally asks the configurator to configure the context using the configuration file passed as a parameter to the application. Internal status data is printed in case of warnings or errors. Note that for multi-step configuration, `context.reset()` invocation should be omitted.

### Viewing status messages

Logback collects its internal status data in a `StatusManager` object, accessible via the `LoggerContext`.

Given a `StatusManager` you can access all the status data associated with a logback context. To keep memory usage at reasonable levels, the default `StatusManager` implementation stores the status messages in two separate parts: the header part and the tail part. The header part stores the first H status messages whereas the tail part stores the last T messages. At present time H=T=150, although these values may change in future releases.

Logback-classic ships with a servlet called ViewStatusMessagesServlet. This servlet prints the contents of the `StatusManager` associated with the current `LoggerContext` as an HTML table. Here is sample output.

To add this servlet to your web-application, add the following lines to its WEB-INF/web.xml file.

      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>ViewStatusMessages</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>ch.qos.logback.classic.ViewStatusMessagesServlet</servlet-class>
      </servlet>

      <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>ViewStatusMessages</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/lbClassicStatus</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>

The `ViewStatusMessages` servlet will be viewable at the URL `http://host/yourWebapp/lbClassicStatus`

### Listening to status messages

You may also attach a `StatusListener` to a `StatusManager` so that you can take immediate action in response to status messages, especially to messages occurring after logback configuration. Registering a status listener is a convenient way to supervise logback's internal state without human intervention.

Logback ships with a `StatusListener` implementation called `OnConsoleStatusListener` which, as its name indicates, prints all new incoming status messages on the console.

Here is sample code to register an `OnConsoleStatusListener` instance with the StatusManager.

       LoggerContext lc = (LoggerContext) LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory();
       StatusManager statusManager = lc.getStatusManager();
       OnConsoleStatusListener onConsoleListener = new OnConsoleStatusListener();
       statusManager.add(onConsoleListener);

Note that the registered status listener will only receive status events subsequent to its registration. It will not receive prior messages. Thus, it is usually a good idea to place status listener registration directives at top of the configuration file before other directives.

It is also possible to register one or more status listeners within a configuration file. Here is an example.

Example: Registering a status listener (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/onConsoleStatusListener.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>
      <statusListener class="ch.qos.logback.core.status.OnConsoleStatusListener" />

      ... the rest of the configuration file
    </configuration>

One may also register a status listener by setting the "logback.statusListenerClass" Java system property to the name of the listener class you wish to register. For example,

java -Dlogback.statusListenerClass=ch.qos.logback.core.status.OnConsoleStatusListener ...

## Configuration file syntax

As you have seen thus far in the manual with plenty of examples still to follow, logback allows you to redefine logging behavior without needing to recompile your code. Indeed, you can easily configure logback so as to disable logging for certain parts of your application, or direct output to a UNIX Syslog daemon, to a database, to a log visualizer, or forward logging events to a remote logback server, which would log according to local server policy, for example by forwarding the log event to a second logback server.

The remainder of this section presents the syntax of configuration files.

As will be demonstrated over and over, the syntax of logback configuration files is extremely flexible. As such, it is not possible to specify the allowed syntax with a DTD file or an XML schema. Nevertheless, the very basic structure of the configuration file can be described as, `<configuration>` element, followed by zero or more `<appender>` elements, followed by zero or more `<logger>` elements, followed by at most one `<root>` element. The following diagram illustrates this basic structure.

If you are unsure which case to use for a given tag name, just follow the camelCase convention which is almost always the correct convention.

#### Case sensitivity of tag names

Since logback version 0.9.17, tag names pertaining to explicit rules are case insensitive. For example, `<logger>`, `<Logger>` and `<LOGGER>` are valid configuration elements and will be interpreted in the same way. Note that XML well-formedness rules still apply, if you open a tag as `<xyz>` you must close it as `</xyz>`, `</XyZ>` will not work. As for implicit rules, tag names are case sensitive except for the first letter. Thus, `<xyz>` and `<Xyz>` are equivalent but not `<xYz>`. Implicit rules usually follow the camelCase convention, common in the Java world. Since it is not easy to tell when a tag is associated with an explicit action and when it is associated with an implicit action, it is not trivial to say whether an XML tag is case-sensitive or insensitive with respect to the first letter. If you are unsure which case to use for a given tag name, just follow the camelCase convention which is almost always the correct convention.

#### Configuring loggers, or the `<logger>` element

At this point you should have at least some understanding of level inheritance and the basic selection rule. Otherwise, and unless you are an Egyptologist, logback configuration will be no more meaningful to you than are hieroglyphics.

A logger is configured using the `<logger>` element. A `<logger>` element takes exactly one mandatory name attribute, an optional level attribute, and an optional additivity attribute, admitting the values true or false. The value of the level attribute admitting one of the case-insensitive string values TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, ALL or OFF. The special case-insensitive value INHERITED, or its synonym NULL, will force the level of the logger to be inherited from higher up in the hierarchy. This comes in handy if you set the level of a logger and later decide that it should inherit its level.

The `<logger>` element may contain zero or more `<appender-ref>` elements; each appender thus referenced is added to the named logger. Note that unlike log4j, logback-classic does not close or remove any previously referenced appenders before adding the new appender reference.

#### Configuring the root logger, or the `<root>` element

The `<root>` element configures the root logger. It supports a single attribute, namely the level attribute. It does not allow any other attributes because the additivity flag does not apply to the root logger. Moreover, since the root logger is already named as "ROOT", it does not allow a name attribute either. The value of the level attribute can be one of the case-insensitive strings TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, ALL or OFF. Note that the level of the root logger cannot be set to INHERITED or NULL.

Similarly to the `<logger>` element, the `<root>` element may contain zero or more `<appender-ref>` elements; each appender thus referenced is added to the root logger. Note that unlike log4j, logback-classic does not close or remove any previously referenced appenders before adding the new appender reference to the root logger.

#### Example

Setting the level of a logger or root logger is as simple as declaring it and setting its level, as the next example illustrates. Suppose we are no longer interested in seeing any DEBUG messages from any component belonging to the "chapters.configuration" package. The following configuration file shows how to achieve that.

Example: Setting the level of a logger (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/sample2.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <!-- encoders are assigned the type
             ch.qos.logback.classic.encoder.PatternLayoutEncoder by default -->
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration" level="INFO"/>

      <!-- Strictly speaking, the level attribute is not necessary since -->
      <!-- the level of the root level is set to DEBUG by default.       -->
      <root level="DEBUG">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>

    </configuration>

When the above configuration file is given as argument to the MyApp3 application, it will yield the following output:

    17:34:07.578 [main] INFO  chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Entering application.
    17:34:07.578 [main] INFO  chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Exiting application.

Note that the message of level DEBUG generated by the "chapters.configuration.Foo" logger has been suppressed. See also the Foo class.

You can configure the levels of as many loggers as you wish. In the next configuration file, we set the level of the chapters.configuration logger to INFO but at the same time set the level of the chapters.configuration.Foo logger to `DEBUG`.

Example: Setting the level of multiple loggers (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/sample3.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>
            %d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
         </pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration" level="INFO" />
      <logger name="chapters.configuration.Foo" level="DEBUG" />

      <root level="DEBUG">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>

    </configuration>

Running `MyApp3` with this configuration file will result in the following output on the console:

17:39:27.593 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Entering application. 17:39:27.593 [main] DEBUG chapters.configuration.Foo - Did it again! 17:39:27.593 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Exiting application.

The table below list the loggers and their levels, after `JoranConfigurator` has configured logback with the sample3.xml configuration file.

Logger name | Assigned Level | Effective Level
--- | --- | ---
root | `DEBUG` | `DEBUG`
chapters.configuration | `INFO` | `INFO`
chapters.configuration.MyApp3 | `null` | `INFO`
chapters.configuration.Foo | `DEBUG` | `DEBUG`

It follows that the two logging statements of level `INFO` in the `MyApp3` class as well as the DEBUG messages in `Foo.doIt()` are all enabled. Note that the level of the root logger is always set to a non-null value, DEBUG by default.

Let us note that the basic-selection rule depends on the effective level of the logger being invoked, not the level of the logger where appenders are attached. Logback will first determine whether a logging statement is enabled or not, and if enabled, it will invoke the appenders found in the logger hierarchy, regardless of their level. The configuration file sample4.xml is a case in point:

Example: Logger level sample (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/sample4.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT"
       class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
       <encoder>
         <pattern>
            %d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n
          </pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration" level="INFO" />

      <!-- turn OFF all logging (children can override) -->
      <root level="OFF">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>

    </configuration>

The following table lists the loggers and their levels after applying the sample4.xml configuration file.

Logger name | Assigned Level | Effective Level
--- | --- | ---
root | `OFF` | `OFF`
chapters.configuration | `INFO` | `INFO`
chapters.configuration.MyApp3 | `null` | `INFO`
chapters.configuration.Foo | `null` | `INFO`

The ConsoleAppender named STDOUT, the only configured appender in sample4.xml, is attached to the root logger whose level is set to `OFF`. However, running MyApp3 with configuration script sample4.xml will yield:

    17:52:23.609 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Entering application.
    17:52:23.609 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Exiting application.

Thus, the level of the root logger has no apparent effect because the loggers in `chapters.configuration.MyApp3` and `chapters.configuration.Foo` classes are all enabled for the `INFO` level. As a side note, the chapters.configuration logger exists by virtue of its declaration in the configuration file - even if the Java source code does not directly refer to it.

#### Configuring Appenders

An appender is configured with the `<appender>` element, which takes two mandatory attributes name and class. The name attribute specifies the name of the appender whereas the class attribute specifies the fully qualified name of the appender class to instantiate. The `<appender>` element may contain zero or one `<layout>` elements, zero or more `<encoder>` elements and zero or more `<filter>` elements. Apart from these three common elements, `<appender>` elements may contain any number of elements corresponding to JavaBean properties of the appender class. Seamlessly supporting any property of a given logback component is one of the major strengths of Joran as discussed in a later chapter. The following diagram illustrates the common structure. Note that support for properties is not visible.

The `<layout>` element takes a mandatory class attribute specifying the fully qualified name of the layout class to instantiate. As with the `<appender>` element, `<layout>` may contain other elements corresponding to properties of the layout instance. Since it's such a common case, if the layout class is `PatternLayout`, then the class attribute can be omitted as specified by default class mapping rules.

The `<encoder>` element takes a mandatory class attribute specifying the fully qualified name of the encoder class to instantiate. Since it's such a common case, if the encoder class is `PatternLayoutEncoder`, then the class attribute can be omitted as specified by default class mapping rules.

Logging to multiple appenders is as easy as defining the various appenders and referencing them in a logger, as the next configuration file illustrates:

Example: Multiple loggers (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/multiple.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>myApp.log</file>

        <encoder>
          <pattern>%date %level [%thread] %logger{10} [%file:%line] %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

These configuration scripts define two appenders called FILE and STDOUT. The FILE appender logs to a file called myApp.log. The encoder for this appender is a `PatternLayoutEncoder` that outputs the date, level, thread name, logger name, file name and line number where the log request is located, the message and line separator character(s). The second appender called `STDOUT` outputs to the console. The encoder for this appender outputs only the message string followed by a line separator.

The appenders are attached to the root logger by referencing them by name within an appender-ref element. Note that each appender has its own encoder. Encoders are usually not designed to be shared by multiple appenders. The same is true for layouts. As such, logback configuration files do not provide any syntactical means for sharing encoders or layouts.

#### Appenders accumulate

By default, appenders are cumulative: a logger will log to the appenders attached to itself (if any) as well as all the appenders attached to its ancestors. Thus, attaching the same appender to multiple loggers will cause logging output to be duplicated.

Example: Duplicate appender (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/duplicate.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </logger>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

Running `MyApp3` with duplicate.xml will yield the following output:

14:25:36.343 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Entering application. 14:25:36.343 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Entering application. 14:25:36.359 [main] DEBUG chapters.configuration.Foo - Did it again! 14:25:36.359 [main] DEBUG chapters.configuration.Foo - Did it again! 14:25:36.359 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Exiting application. 14:25:36.359 [main] INFO chapters.configuration.MyApp3 - Exiting application.

Notice the duplicated output. The appender named STDOUT is attached to two loggers, to root and to chapters.configuration. Since the root logger is the ancestor of all loggers and chapters.configuration is the parent of both chapters.configuration.MyApp3 and chapters.configuration.Foo, each logging request made with these two loggers will be output twice, once because STDOUT is attached to chapters.configuration and once because it is attached to root.

Appender additivity is not intended as a trap for new users. It is quite a convenient logback feature. For instance, you can configure logging such that log messages appear on the console (for all loggers in the system) while messages only from some specific set of loggers flow into a specific appender.

Example: Multiple appender (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/restricted.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>myApp.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%date %level [%thread] %logger{10} [%file:%line] %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </logger>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

In this example, the console appender will log all the messages (for all loggers in the system) whereas only logging requests originating from the chapters.configuration logger and its children will go into the myApp.log file.

#### Overriding the default cumulative behaviour

In case the default cumulative behavior turns out to be unsuitable for your needs, you can override it by setting the additivity flag to false. Thus, a branch in your logger tree may direct output to a set of appenders different from those of the rest of the tree.

Example: Additivity flag (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/additivityFlag.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>foo.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%date %level [%thread] %logger{10} [%file : %line] %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <logger name="chapters.configuration.Foo" additivity="false">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </logger>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

This example, the appender named FILE is attached to the chapters.configuration.Foo logger. Moreover, the chapters.configuration.Foo logger has its additivity flag set to false such that its logging output will be sent to the appender named FILE but not to any appender attached higher in the hierarchy. Other loggers remain oblivious to the additivity setting of the chapters.configuration.Foo logger. Running the `MyApp3` application with the additivityFlag.xml configuration file will output results on the console from the chapters.configuration.MyApp3 logger. However, output from the chapters.configuration.Foo logger will appear in the foo.log file and only in that file.

### Setting the context name

As mentioned in an earlier chapter, every logger is attached to a logger context. By default, the logger context is called "default". However, you can set a different name with the help of the `<contextName>` configuration directive. Note that once set, the logger context name cannot be changed. Setting the context name is a simple and straightforward method in order to distinguish between multiple applications logging to the same target.

Example: Set the context name and display it (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/contextName.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>
      <contextName>myAppName</contextName>
      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d %contextName [%t] %level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

This last example illustrates naming of the logger context. Adding the contextName conversion word in layout's pattern will output the said name.

### Property substitution

As in many scripting languages, logback configuration files support definition and substitution of properties. Properties can be defined within the configuration file itself, in an external file, in an external resource or even computed and defined on the fly.

Property substitution can occur at any point where a value can be specified. The syntax of property substitution is similar to that of Unix shells. The string between an opening ${ and closing } is interpreted as a reference to the value of the property. For property aKey, the string "${aKey}" will be replaced with the value held by the aKey property.

A property can be defined in local scope (the default), in context scope, or in system scope. Local scope is the default. A property with local scope exists from the point of its definition until the end of configuration. A property with context scope is inserted into the context and lasts as long as the context or until it is cleared. Once defined, a property in context scope is part of the context. As such, it is available in all logging events, including those sent to remote hosts via serialization. A property with system scope is inserted into the JVM's system properties and lasts as long as the JVM or until it is cleared.

As they often come in handy, the HOSTNAME and CONTEXT_NAME properties are automatically defined and have context scope.

Properties are looked up in the the local scope first, in the context scope second, in the system properties scope third, and in the OS environment last.

During substitution, properties are looked up in the local scope first, in the context scope second, in the system properties scope third, and in the OS environment fourth and last.

#### Defining properties

Properties can be defined one at a time in the configuration file itself or loaded wholesale from an external properties file or an external resource.

The next example shows a variable, a.k.a. a substitution property, declared at the beginning of the configuration file. It is then used further down the file to specify the location of the output file.

Example: Simple Variable substitution (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variableSubstitution1.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <property name="USER_HOME" value="/home/sebastien" />

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>${USER_HOME}/myApp.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

The next example shows the use of a System property to achieve the same result. The property is not declared in the configuration file, thus logback will look for it in the System properties. Java system properties can be set on the command line.

java -DUSER_HOME="/home/sebastien" MyApp2

Example: System Variable substitution (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variableSubstitution2.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>${USER_HOME}/myApp.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

When multiple variables are needed, it may be more convenient to create a separate file that will contain all the variables. Here is how one can do such a setup.

Example: Variable substitution using a separate file (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variableSubstitution3.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <property file="src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variables1.properties" />

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
         <file>${USER_HOME}/myApp.log</file>
         <encoder>
           <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
         </encoder>
       </appender>

       <root level="debug">
         <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
       </root>
    </configuration>

This configuration file contains a reference to a file named variables1.properties. The variables contained in that file will be read and then defined within the context of the logback configuration file. Here is what the variable.properties file might look like.

Example: Variable file (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variables1.properties)

    USER_HOME=/home/sebastien

You may also reference a resource on the class path instead of a file.

    <configuration>

      <property resource="resource1.properties" />

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
         <file>${USER_HOME}/myApp.log</file>
         <encoder>
           <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
         </encoder>
       </appender>

       <root level="debug">
         <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
       </root>
    </configuration>

#### Scopes

The scope attribute of the `<property>` element can be used to set the scope of properties. The scope attribute admit the "local", "context" and "system" strings as possible values.

Example: Simple Variable substitution (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variableSubstitution4.xml)

View as .groovy

    <configuration>

      <property scope="context" name="nodeId" value="node1" />

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>/opt/${noteId}/myApp.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

In the above example, given that the nodeId property is defined in the context scope, it will be available in every logging event, even those sent to remote hosts via serialization.

#### Nested variable substitution

Nested variable substitution is also supported. By nested, we mean that the value definition of a variable contains references to other variables. Suppose you wish to use variables to specify not only the destination directory but also the file name, and combine those two variables in a third variable called "destination". The properties file shown below gives an example.

Example: Nested variable references (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variables2.properties)

    USER_HOME=/home/sebastien
    fileName=myApp.log
    destination=${USER_HOME}/${fileName}

Note that in the properties file above, "destination" is composed from two other variables, namely "USER_HOME" and "fileName".

Example: Variable substitution using a separate file (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/variableSubstitution4.xml)

    <configuration>

      <property file="variables2.properties" />

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>${destination}</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%msg%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="debug">
        <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

### Default substitution values for variables

Under certain circumstances, it may be desirable for a variable to have a default value if it is not declared or its value is null. As in the Bash shell, default values can be specified using the ":-" operator. For example, assuming aKey is not defined, `"${aKey:-golden}"` will be interpreted as "golden".

### HOSTNAME property

As it often comes in handy, the `HOSTNAME` property is defined automatically during configuration.

### CONTEXT_NAME property

When a context is asked for a property named `CONTEXT_NAME` it returns with its own name.

### Setting a timestamp

The timestamp element can define a property according to current date and time. The timestamp element is explained in a subsequent chapter.

### Defining properties on the fly

You may define properties dynamically using the `<define>` element. The define element takes two mandatory attributes: name and class. The name attribute designates the name of the property to set whereas the class attribute designates any class implementing the PropertyDefiner interface. The value returned by the `getPropertyValue`() method of the `PropertyDefiner` instance will be the value of the named property.

Here is an example.

    <configuration>

      <define name="rootLevel" class="a.class.implementing.PropertyDefiner">
        <aProperty>of a.class.implementing.PropertyDefiner</aProperty>
      </define>

      <root level="${rootLevel}"/>
    </configuration>

At the present time, logback does not ship with any classes implementing `PropertyDefiner`. We merely provide an extension point so that you may define properties dynamically.

### Conditional processing of configuration files

Developers often need to juggle between several logback configuration files targeting different environments such as development, testing and production. These configuration files have substantial parts in common differing only in a few places. To avoid duplication, logback supports conditional processing of configuration files with the help of `<if>`, `<then>` and `<else>` elements so that a single configuration file can adequately target several environments. Note that conditional processing requires the Janino library.

The general format for conditional statements is shown below.

       <!-- if-then form -->
       <if condition="some conditional expression">
        <then>
          ...
        </then>
      </if>

      <!-- if-then-else form -->
      <if condition="some conditional expression">
        <then>
          ...
        </then>
        <else>
          ...
        </else>
      </if>

The condition is a Java expression in which only context properties or system properties are accessible. For a key passed as argument, the `property`() or its shorter equivalent `p`() methods return the String value of the property. For example, to access the value of a property with key "k", you would write `property("k")` or equivalently `p("k")`. If the property with key "k" is undefined, the property method will return the empty string and not null. This avoids the need to check for null values.

The `isDefined()` method can be used to check whether a property is defined. For example, to check whether the property "k" is defined you would write `isDefined("k")` Similarly, if you need to check whether a property is null, the `isNull()` method is provided. Example: `isNull("k")`.

    <configuration>

      <if condition='property("HOSTNAME").contains("torino")'>
        <then>
          <appender name="CON" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
            <encoder>
              <pattern>%d %-5level %logger{35} - %msg %n</pattern>
            </encoder>
          </appender>
          <root>
            <appender-ref ref="CON" />
          </root>
        </then>
      </if>

      <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
        <file>${randomOutputDir}/conditional.log</file>
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d %-5level %logger{35} - %msg %n</pattern>
       </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="ERROR">
         <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

Conditional processing is supported anywhere within the `<configuration>` element. Nested if-then-else statements are also supported. However, XML syntax is awfully cumbersome and is ill suited as the foundation of a general purpose programming language. Consequently, too many conditionals will quickly render your configuration files incomprehensible to subsequent readers, including yourself.

### Obtaining variables from JNDI

Under certain circumstances, you may want to make use of env-entries stored in JNDI. The `<insertFromJNDI>` configuration directive extracts an env-entry stored in JNDI and inserts it as a variable whose key is as specified by the as attribute.

Example: Insert as properties env-entries obtained via JNDI (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/insertFromJNDI.xml)

    <configuration>
      <insertFromJNDI env-entry-name="java:comp/env/appName" as="appName" />
      <contextName>${appName}</contextName>

      <appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>%d ${CONTEXT_NAME} %level %msg %logger{50}%n</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>

      <root level="DEBUG">
        <appender-ref ref="CONSOLE" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

In this last example, the "java:comp/env/appName" env-entry is inserted as the appName property. Note that the `<contextName>` directive sets the context name based on the value of the appName property inserted by the previous `<insertFromJNDI>` directive.

### File inclusion

Joran supports including parts of a configuration file from another file. This is done by declaring a `<include>` element, as shown below:

Example: File include (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/containingConfig.xml)

    <configuration>
      <include file="src/main/java/chapters/configuration/includedConfig.xml"/>

      <root level="DEBUG">
        <appender-ref ref="includedConsole" />
      </root>

    </configuration>

The target file MUST have its elements nested inside an `<included>` element. For example, a `ConsoleAppender` could be declared as:

Example: File include (logback-examples/src/main/java/chapters/configuration/includedConfig.xml)

    <included>
      <appender name="includedConsole" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
          <pattern>"%d - %m%n"</pattern>
        </encoder>
      </appender>
    </included>

Again, please note the mandatory `<included>` element.

The contents to include can be referenced as a file, as a resource, or as a URL.

- As a file:
  To include a file use the file attribute. You can use relative paths but note that the current directory is defined by the application and is not necessarily related to the path of the configuration file.

- As a resource:
  To include a resource, i.e a file found on the class path, use the resource attribute.

      <include resource="includedConfig.xml"/>

- As a URL:
  To include the contents of a URL use the url attribute.

      <include url="http://some.host.com/includedConfig.xml"/>

## Adding a context listener

Instances of the LoggerContextListener interface listen to events pertaining to the lifecycle of a logger context.

`JMXConfigurator` is one implementation of the `LoggerContextListener` interface. It is described in a subsequent chapter.

### LevelChangePropagator

As of version 0.9.25, logback-classic ships with LevelChangePropagator, an implementation of `LoggerContextListener` which propagates changes made to the level of any logback-classic logger onto the java.util.logging framework. Such propagation eliminates the performance impact of disabled log statements. Instances of LogRecord will be sent to logback (via SLF4J) only for enabled log statements. This makes it reasonable for real-world applications to use the jul-to-slf4j bridge.

The contextListener element can be used to install `LevelChangePropagator` as shown next.

    <configuration debug="false">
      <contextListener class="ch.qos.logback.classic.jul.LevelChangePropagator"/>
      ....
    </configuration>

Setting the resetJUL property of LevelChangePropagator will reset all previous level configurations of all j.u.l. loggers. However, previously installed handlers will be left untouched.

    <configuration debug="false">
      <contextListener class="ch.qos.logback.classic.jul.LevelChangePropagator">
        <resetJUL>true</resetJUL>
      </contextListener>
      ....
    </configuration>