## Chapter 5: Layouts

Authors: Ceki Gülcü, Sébastien Pennec

| Copyright © 2000-2006, QOS.ch This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License .

## What is a layout

While appenders are responsible for writing logging output to an appender dependent device, layouts are responsible for the format of the output. In case you were wondering, layouts have nothing to do with large estates in Florida. The `format()` method in the Layout class takes an object that represents an event (of any type) and returns a String. A synopsis of the Layout interface is shown below.

    public interface Layout extends ContextAware, LifeCycle {

      String doLayout(Object event);
      String getHeader();
      String getFooter();
      String getContentType();
    }

This interface is rather simple and yet is sufficent for many formatting needs. The Texan developer from Texas, who you might know from Joseph Heller's Catch-22, might exclaim: it just takes two methods to implement a layout!!?

## Logback classic

Logback classic only processes events of type `ch.qos.logback.classic.LoggingEvent`. Therefore, logback classic module imposes that all its layouts implement the `ClassicLayout` interface that is shown below.

    public interface ClassicLayout extends Layout {

      String doLayout(LoggingEvent event);

    }

### Writing your own Layout

Let us implement a simple and functional layout for the classic module which prints the time elapsed since the start of the application, the level of the logging event, the caller thread between brackets, its logger name, a dash followed by the event message and a new line.

Sample output might look like:

10489 DEBUG [main] com.marsupial.Pouch - Hello world.

Here is a possible implementation, authored by the Texan developer:

Example 5.0: Sample implementation of a Layout (examples/chapter5/MySampleLayout.java)

    package chapter5;

    import ch.qos.logback.classic.ClassicLayout;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.LoggingEvent;
    import ch.qos.logback.core.LayoutBase;

    public class MySampleLayout extends LayoutBase implements ClassicLayout {

      public String doLayout(LoggingEvent event) {
        StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(128);
        sbuf.append(event.getTimeStamp() - LoggingEvent.getStartTime());
        sbuf.append(" ");
        sbuf.append(event.getLevel());
        sbuf.append(" [");
        sbuf.append(event.getThreadName());
        sbuf.append("] ");
        sbuf.append(event.getLoggerRemoteView().getName());
        sbuf.append(" - ");
        sbuf.append(event.getFormattedMessage());
        sbuf.append(LINE_SEP);
        return sbuf.toString();
      }
      //method declared in ch.qos.logback.core.Layout interface
      public String doLayout(Object event) {
        return doLayout((LoggingEvent)event);
      }
    }

Note that `MySampleLayout` extends `LayoutBase`. This class manages trivial components of a `Layout` such as started or stopped status, header, footer and content type access or logging context awareness. It allows the developer to concentrate on the formatting she expects from her `Layout`.

`MySampleLayout` implements the `ClassicLayout` interface, since it is intented to be used with the classic module. Therefore, it offers a trivial implementation of the `doLayout(Object event)` method, that only casts the event to the right type and passes it to the method where the actual formatting takes place.

The marginally more interesting `doLayout(LoggingEvent event)` method begins by instantiating a StringBuffer. It proceeds by adding various fields of the event parameter. The Texan from Texas was careful to print the formatted form of the message and not its object form. This allows for logging requests which are passed object arrays to build the message in its proper form.

In the above listing of the `Layout` class, we had omitted the class static `LINE_SEP` field which is simply assigned the value returned by `System.getProperty("line.separator")` method. After adding system dependent line separator character(s), the format method returns the string buffer as a String.

The `doLayout` method ignores any eventual exceptions contained in the event. In a real world layout implementation, you would probably not want to silently ignore exceptions.

Custom layouts are configured as any other layout, as shown below:

Example 5.0: Configuration of MySampleLayout (examples/chapter5/sampleLayoutConfig.xml)

    <configuration>

      <appender name="STDOUT"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="chapter5.MySampleLayout" />
      </appender>

      <root>
        <level value="debug" />
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

The sample application `chapter5.SampleLogging` configures logback with the configuration script supplied as parameter and then logs a debug message, followed by an error message. See examples/chapter5/SampleLogging.java for precise details.

Executing the command java chapter5.SampleLogging chapter5/sampleLayoutConfig.xml will produce the following output:

    0 DEBUG [main] chapter5.SampleLogging - Everything's going well
    0 ERROR [main] chapter5.SampleLogging - ... not quite

That was simple enough. The skeptic Pyrrho of Elea, who insists that nothing is certain except perhaps uncertainty itself, which is by no means certain either, might ask: how about a layout with options? The reader shall find a slightly modified version of our custom layout in `MySampleLayout2.java`. She will discover that adding an option to a layout is as simple as declaring a setter method for the option.

The `MySampleLayout2` class contains two attributes. The first one is a prefix that can be added to the output. The second attribute is used to choose wether to display the name of the thread from which the logging request was sent.

Here is the implementation of this class:

    package chapter5;

    import ch.qos.logback.classic.ClassicLayout;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.LoggingEvent;
    import ch.qos.logback.core.LayoutBase;

    public class MySampleLayout2 extends LayoutBase implements ClassicLayout {

      String prefix = null;
      boolean printThreadName = true;

      public void setPrefix(String prefix) {
        this.prefix = prefix;
      }

      public void setPrintThreadName(boolean printThreadName) {
        this.printThreadName = printThreadName;
      }

      public String doLayout(LoggingEvent event) {
        StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(128);
        if (prefix != null) {
          sbuf.append(prefix + ": ");
        }
        sbuf.append(event.getTimeStamp() - LoggingEvent.getStartTime());
        sbuf.append(" ");
        sbuf.append(event.getLevel());
        if (printThreadName) {
          sbuf.append(" [");
          sbuf.append(event.getThreadName());
          sbuf.append("] ");
        } else {
          sbuf.append(" ");
        }
        sbuf.append(event.getLoggerRemoteView().getName());
        sbuf.append(" - ");
        sbuf.append(event.getFormattedMessage());
        sbuf.append(LINE_SEP);
        return sbuf.toString();
      }

      public String doLayout(Object event) {
        return doLayout((LoggingEvent) event);
      }
    }

Appart from the actual use of the two attributes, in the `doLayout` method, the two setter methods are the only addition to the original class. Yet, it is sufficient to allow the user to configure these attributes, as shown in the configuration file below:

    %lt;configuration>

      %lt;appender name="STDOUT"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        %lt;layout class="chapter5.MySampleLayout2">
        	%lt;prefix>MyPrefix%lt;/prefix>
        	%lt;printThreadName>false%lt;/printThreadName>
        %lt;/layout>
      %lt;/appender>

      %lt;root>
        %lt;level value="debug" />
        %lt;appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      %lt;/root>
    %lt;/configuration>

Note that the `PrintThreadName` attribute is a boolean and not a `String`. It can be configured anyway by writing true of false in the configuration file.

### PatternLayout

Logback classic ships with a flexible layout called `PatternLayout`, which implements the `ClassicLayout` interface. As all classic layouts, `PatternLayout`

takes a logging event and returns a String. However, the returned String can be customized at will by tweaking its conversion pattern.

The conversion pattern of `PatternLayout` is closely related to the conversion pattern of the `printf()` function in the C programming language. A conversion pattern is composed of literal text and format control expressions called conversion specifiers. You are free to insert any literal text within the conversion pattern. Each conversion specifier starts with a percent sign (%) and is followed by optional format modifiers, a conversion word and optional parameters between braces. The conversion word controls the type of data to use, e.g. logger name, level, date, thread name. The format modifiers control such things as field width, padding, and left or right justification. The following is a simple example.

Example 5.1: Sample usage of a PatternLayout (examples/chapter5/PatternSample.java)

    package chapter5;

    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

    import ch.qos.logback.classic.Logger;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.PatternLayout;
    import ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender;

    public class PatternSample {

      static public void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Logger rootLogger = (Logger)
        LoggerFactory.getLogger("root");

        PatternLayout layout = new PatternLayout();
        layout.setPattern("%-5level [%thread]: %message%n");
        layout.start();

        ConsoleAppender appender = new ConsoleAppender();
        appender.setContext(rootLogger.getLoggerContext());
        appender.setLayout(layout); appender.start();

        rootLogger.addAppender(appender);

        rootLogger.debug("Message 1");
        rootLogger.warn("Message 2");
      }
    }

The conversion pattern is set to be "%-5level [%thread]: %message%n". Running PatternSample will yield the following output on the console.

    DEBUG [main]: Message 1
    WARN  [main]: Message 2

Note that in the conversion pattern "%-5level [%thread]: %message%n" there is no explicit separator between literal text and conversion specifiers. When parsing a conversion pattern, `PatternLayout` is capable of differentiating between literal text (space characters, the brackets, colon character) and conversion specifiers. In the example above, the conversion specifier %-5level means the level of the logging event should be left justified to a width of five characters. Format specifiers will be explained in a short moment.

As mentionned previously, certain conversion specifiers can include optional parameters which are declared between braces following the conversion word. A sample conversion specifier with options could be %logger{10}.

The recognized conversions words along with their options are described below. When multiple conversion words are listed on the left column, they should be considered as aliases.

Conversion Word | Effect
--- | ---

c{length}
l{length}
lo{length}
logger{length}

Used to output the name of the logger at the source of the logging event.

The logger name conversion word can take an integer as a first option. The converter's abbreviation algorithm will shorten the logger name without significant loss of meaning.

The next table should clarify the matter.

Conversion Pattern | Logger name | Result
--- | --- | ---
%logger | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar
%logger{10} | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar | m.s.s.Bar
%logger{15} | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar | m.s.sample.Bar
%logger{16} | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar | m.sub.sample.Bar
%logger{26} | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar | mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar

C{length}
class{length}

Used to output the fully qualified class name of the caller issuing the logging request.

Just like the %logger conversion word above, this word can take an interger as it's first option and use its abbreviation algorithm to shorten the class name.

By default the class name is output in full.

Generating the caller class information is not particularly fast. Thus, it's use should be avoided unless execution speed is not an issue.

d{pattern}
date{pattern}

Used to output the date of the logging event. The date conversion word may be followed by an option enclosed between braces.

The option admits the same syntax as the time pattern string of the `java.text.SimpleDateFormat`.

A shortcut to the ISO8601 format is available by specifying the String "ISO8601" in the braces. If no option is set, the converter uses "ISO8601" as the default value.

Here are some sample option values. They assume that the actual date is Friday 20th of October, 2006 and that the author finished his meal a short while ago.

Conversion Pattern | Result
--- | ---
%date | 2006-10-20 14:46:49,812
%date{ISO8601} | 2006-10-20 14:46:49,812
%date{HH:mm:ss.SSS} | 14:46:49.812
%date{dd MMM yyyy ;HH:mm:ss.SSS} | 20 oct. 2006;14:46:49.812

F / file | Used to output the file name where the logging request was issued. Generating the file information is not particularly fast. Thus, it's use should be avoided unless execution speed is not an issue.

caller{depth} caller{depth, evaluator-1, ... evaluator-n}

Used to output location information of the caller which generated the logging event.

The location information depends on the JVM implementation but usually consists of the fully qualified name of the calling method followed by the caller's source the file name and line number between parentheses.

A integer can be added to the caller conversion specifier's options to configure the depth of the information to be displayed.

For example, %caller{2} would display the following excerpt:

    0    [main] DEBUG - logging statement
    Caller+0   at mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar.sampleMethodName(Bar.java:22)
    Caller+1   at mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar.createLoggingRequest(Bar.java:17)

And %caller{3} would display this other excerpt:

    16   [main] DEBUG - logging statement
    Caller+0   at mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar.sampleMethodName(Bar.java:22)
    Caller+1   at mainPackage.sub.sample.Bar.createLoggingRequest(Bar.java:17)
    Caller+2   at mainPackage.ConfigTester.main(ConfigTester.java:38)

This conversion word can also use evaluators to test logging events against a given criteria before creating the output. For example, using %caller{3, CALLER_DISPLAY_EVAL} will display three lines of stacktrace, only if the evaluator called CALLER_DISPLAY_EVAL returns a positive answer.

Evaluators are described further down this document.

L / line | Used to output the line number from where the logging request was issued. Generating the line number information is not particularly fast. Thus, it's use should be avoided unless execution speed is not an issue.
m / msg / message | Used to output the application supplied message associated with the logging event.
M / method | Used to output the method name where the logging request was issued. Generating the method name is not particularly fast. Thus, it's use should be avoided unless execution speed is not an issue.
n | Outputs the platform dependent line separator character or characters. This conversion word offers practically the same performance as using non-portable line separator strings such as "\n", or "\r\n". Thus, it is the preferred way of specifying a line separator.
p / le / level | Used to output the level of the logging event.
r / relative | Used to output the number of milliseconds elapsed since the start of the application until the creation of the logging event.
t / thread | Used to output the name of the thread that generated the logging event.

X{key}
mdc{key}

Used to output the MDC (mapped diagnostic context) associated with the thread that generated the logging event.

If mdc conversion word is followed by a key between braces, as in %mdc{clientNumber}, then the value in the MDC corresponding to the key will be output.

If no option is given, then the entire content of the MDC will be output in the format "key1=val1, key2=val2".

See MDC class for more details.

ex{length}
throwable{length}
ex{length, evaluator-1, ..., evaluator-n} throwable{length, evaluator-1, ..., evaluator-n}

Used to output the stack trace of the exception associated with the logging event, if any. By default the full stack trace will be output.

The throwable conversion word can followed by one of the following options:

short: prints the first line of the stack trace

full: prints the full stack trace

Any integer: prints the given number of lines of the stack trace

Here are some examples:

Conversion Pattern | Result
--- | ---

%ex

    mainPackage.foo.bar.TestException: Houston we have a problem
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.fire(TestThrower.java:22)
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.readyToLaunch(TestThrower.java:17)
      at mainPackage.ExceptionLauncher.main(ExceptionLauncher.java:38)

%ex{short}

    mainPackage.foo.bar.TestException: Houston we have a problem
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.fire(TestThrower.java:22)

%ex{full}

    mainPackage.foo.bar.TestException: Houston we have a problem
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.fire(TestThrower.java:22)
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.readyToLaunch(TestThrower.java:17)
      at mainPackage.ExceptionLauncher.main(ExceptionLauncher.java:38)

%ex{2}

    mainPackage.foo.bar.TestException: Houston we have a problem
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.fire(TestThrower.java:22)
      at mainPackage.foo.bar.TestThrower.readyToLaunch(TestThrower.java:17)

This conversion word can also use evaluators to test logging events against a given criteria before creating the output. For example, using %ex{full, EX_DISPLAY_EVAL} will display the full stacktrace of the exception, only if the evaluator called EX_DISPLAY_EVAL returns a negative answer. Evaluators are described further down this document.

% | The sequence %% outputs a single percent sign.

By default the relevant information is output as is. However, with the aid of format modifiers it is possible to change the minimum field width, the maximum field width and justification.

The optional format modifier is placed between the percent sign and the conversion character or word.

The first optional format modifier is the left justification flag which is just the minus (-) character. Then comes the optional minimum field width modifier. This is a decimal constant that represents the minimum number of characters to output. If the data item contains fewer characters, it is padded on either the left or the right until the minimum width is reached. The default is to pad on the left (right justify) but you can specify right padding with the left justification flag. The padding character is space. If the data item is larger than the minimum field width, the field is expanded to accommodate the data. The value is never truncated.

This behavior can be changed using the maximum field width modifier which is designated by a period followed by a decimal constant. If the data item is longer than the maximum field, then the extra characters are removed from the beginning of the data item. For example, if the maximum field width is eight and the data item is ten characters long, then the first two characters of the data item are dropped. This behavior deviates from the printf function in C where truncation is done from the end.

Truncation from the end is possible by appending a minus character right after the period. In that case, if the maximum field width is eight and the data item is ten characters long, then the last two characters of the data item are dropped.

Below are various format modifier examples for the logger conversion specifier.

Format modifier | Left justify | Minimum width | Maximum width | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
%20logger | false | 20 | none | Left pad with spaces if the category name is less than 20 characters long.
%-20logger | true | 20 | none | Right pad with spaces if the logger name is less than 20 characters long.
%.30logger | NA | none | 30 | Truncate from the beginning if the logger name is longer than 30 characters.
%20.30logger | false | 20 | 30 | Left pad with spaces if the logger name is shorter than 20 characters. However, if logger name is longer than 30 characters, then truncate from the beginning.
%-20.30logger | true | 20 | 30 | Right pad with spaces if the logger name is shorter than 20 characters. However, if logger name is longer than 30 characters, then truncate from the beginning.
%.-30logger | NA | none | 30 | Truncate from the end if the logger name is longer than 30 characters.

Here are some examples of the format modifier truncation:

Format modifier | Logger name | Result
--- | --- | ---

[%-20.20logger]

main.Name

    [main.Name           ]

[%20.-20logger]

main.Name

    [           main.Name]

[%-10.10logger]

main.foo.foo.bar.Name

    [o.bar.Name]

[%10.-10logger]

main.foo.foo.bar.Name

    [main.foo.f]

### Option handling

A conversion specifier can be followed by options between braces. We have already seen some of the possibilities offered by logback's option handling with, for example, the MDC conversion specifier: %mdc{someKey}.

A conversion specifier might have more than one options. For example, a conversion specifier that uses evaluators, which we will cover very soon, simply adds the evaluator names to the option list, as shown below:

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.PatternLayout">
          <param name="Pattern" value="%-4relative [%thread] %-5level - %msg%n \
            %caller{2, DISP_CALLER_EVAL, OTHER_EVAL_NAME, THIRD_EVAL_NAME}" />
        </layout>
      </appender>

#### Evaluators

Another use case for adding options to a conversion specifier is when `PatternLayout` is used with `EventEvaluator` objects.

`EventEvaluator` objects have the responsability to check wether a given event matches a given criteria.

Let's look at an example using `EventEvaluator` objects. The following configuration file outputs the logging events to the console, displaying date, thread, level, message and caller data.

Since displaying the caller data of a logging event is rather expensive, this information will be displayed only when the logging request comes from a specific logger, and whose message contains a certain string. By doing that, we make sure that only the specific logging requests will have their caller information generated and displayed, without penalizing application performance.

Here is how to configure logback to behave like we described:

Example 5.2: Sample usage of EventEvaluators (examples/chapter5/callerEvaluatorConfig.xml)

    <configuration>
      <evaluator name="DISP_CALLER_EVAL">
        <Expression>logger.getName().contains("chapter5") &amp;&amp; \
          message.contains("who calls thee")</Expression>
      </evaluator>

      <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.PatternLayout">
          <param name="Pattern" value="%-4relative [%thread] %-5level - %msg%n \
            %caller{2, DISP_CALLER_EVAL}" />
        </layout>
      </appender>

      <root>
        <level value="debug" />
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

Please note that the & value cannot be written like one would do in a java class, because of XML encoding rules.

Let us test this configuration with the following code.

Example 5.2: Sample usage of EventEvaluators (examples/chapter5/EventEvaluatorExample.java)

    public class CallerEvaluatorExample {

      public static void main(String[] args)  {
        Logger logger = (Logger) LoggerFactory
            .getLogger(CallerEvaluatorExample.class);
        LoggerContext lc = (LoggerContext) LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory();

        try {
          JoranConfigurator configurator = new JoranConfigurator();
          configurator.setContext(lc);
          configurator.doConfigure(args[0]);
        } catch (JoranException je) {
          StatusPrinter.print(lc);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
          if (i == 3) {
            logger.debug("who calls thee?");
          } else {
            logger.debug("I know me " + i);
          }
        }
      }
    }

This excerpt does nothing too fancy. Five logging requests are issued, the third one being different from the others.

When a logging request is sent, the corresponding logging event will pass through the evaluation process. Here, the third request will match the evaluation, causing its caller data to be displayed.

Here is the output of the `EventEvaluatorExample` class.

    0    [main] DEBUG - logging statement0
    0    [main] DEBUG - logging statement1
    0    [main] DEBUG - logging statement2
    0    [main] DEBUG - stacktrace logging statement3
    Caller+0   at chapter5.CallerEvaluatorExample.main(CallerEvaluatorExample.java:28)

    0    [main] DEBUG - logging statement4

Of course, one can change the expression to match a real world situation. An expression testing logger name and request level could also be meaningful: all logging requests of level WARN and up, coming from a sensible part of an application like a financial transaction module, would have their caller data displayed.

Important: With the caller conversion specifier, the data is displayed when the expression evaluates to true.

Let us look at a different situation. When exceptions are included in a logging request, their stack trace is usually displayed. However, in some cases, one might want to supress the stack trace of specific exception.

The java code shown below creates five log requests, each one with an exception. However, we do not want to have the stack trace of the third request to be output.

    public class ExceptionEvaluatorExample {

      public static void main(String[] args) {
        Logger logger = (Logger) LoggerFactory
            .getLogger(ExceptionEvaluatorExample.class);
        LoggerContext lc = (LoggerContext) LoggerFactory.getILoggerFactory();

        try {
          JoranConfigurator configurator = new JoranConfigurator();
          configurator.setContext(lc);
          configurator.doConfigure(args[0]);
        } catch (JoranException je) {
          StatusPrinter.print(lc);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
          if (i == 3) {
            logger.debug("logging statement " + i, new TestException(
                "do not display this"));
          } else {
            logger.debug("logging statement " + i, new Exception("display"));
          }
        }
      }
    }

The following configuration will allow that.

Example 5.3: Sample usage of EventEvaluators (examples/chapter5/exceptionEvaluatorConfig.xml)

    <configuration>

      <evaluator name="DISPLAY_EX_EVAL">
        <Expression>throwable != null && throwable instanceof  \
          chapter5.TestException</Expression>
      </evaluator>

      <appender name="STDOUT"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.PatternLayout">
          <param name="Pattern"
            value="%-4relative [%thread] %-5level - %msg \
              %ex{full, DISPLAY_EX_EVAL}%n" />
        </layout>
      </appender>

      <root>
        <level value="debug" />
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

With this configuration, each time an instance of the chapter5.TestException is included within a logging request, no stack trace will be displayed.

Important: With the %ex conversion specifier, the data is displayed when the expression evaluates to false.

### Creating a custom conversion specifier

We've seen up to here quite a lot of possibilities with conversion specifier and `PatternLayout` objects. But what if somebody wants to make her own conversion specifier?

In that case, two steps are needed.

First, one must implement her own `Converter` class. `Converter` objects are responsible to extract a specific information out of a `LoggingEvent`. When %logger is used, a `LoggerConverter` is called to extract the name of the logger from the `LoggingEvent`.

Let us say that our customized `Converter` will output the level of the logging event, colored following ANSI rules. Here is the necessary implementation:

    package chapter5;

    import ch.qos.logback.classic.Level;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.pattern.ClassicConverter;
    import ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.LoggingEvent;

    public class MySampleConverter extends ClassicConverter {

      private static final String END_COLOR = "\u001b[m";

      private static final String ERROR_COLOR = "\u001b[0;31m";
      private static final String WARN_COLOR = "\u001b[0;33m";

      @Override
      public String convert(Object eventObject) {
        LoggingEvent event = (LoggingEvent) eventObject;
        StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer();
        sbuf.append(getColor(event.getLevel()));
        sbuf.append(event.getLevel());
        sbuf.append(END_COLOR);
        return sbuf.toString();
      }

      /**
       * Returns the appropriate characters to change the color for the specified
       * logging level.
       */
      private String getColor(Level level) {
        switch (level.toInt()) {
        case Level.ERROR_INT:
          return ERROR_COLOR;
        case Level.WARN_INT:
          return WARN_COLOR;
        default:
          return null;
        }
      }
    }

This implementation is quite straightforward. The `MySampleConverter` class extends `ClassicConverter`, and implements the `convert` method. In that method, all it has to do is return the appropriate information.

The second step, once the `Converter` class done, is to let logback know about the new `Converter`. For this task, we just need to declare the new conversion word in the configuration file, as shown below:

    <configuration>

      <conversionRule conversionWord="sample" converterClass="chapter5.MySampleConverter" />

      <appender name="STDOUT"
        class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.PatternLayout">
          <Pattern>%-4relative [%thread] %%sample - %msg%n</Pattern>
        </layout>
      </appender>

      <root>
        <level value="debug" />
        <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

In this configuration file, once the new conversion word has been declared, we just use it within a `PatternLayout` pattern element, as if our custom conversion word had always been here.

The intersted reader might want to take a look at other `Converter` implementations like `MDCConverter` to learn how to implement more complex behaviours, involving the use of options, in her custom `Converter` objects.

### HTMLLayout

HTMLLayout outputs events in an HTML table. Each row of the table corresponds to a logging event.

Here is a sample of the output that can be obtained using `HTMLLayout` along with the default CSS stylesheet:

HTML Layout Sample Image

The content of the table columns are specified using a conversion pattern. See `PatternLayout` for documentation on the available patterns. This ensures that the user has full control over the creation of the html table. One can choose to display any (or all) data that `PatternLayout` can provide.

One notable point about the use of `PatternLayout` with `HTMLLayout` is that conversion specifiers should not be separated by a space or in general any literals. Each specifier found in the pattern will result in a separate column, meaning that each literal will create an extra column.

The pattern %ex used to display an Exception is not the only way to display an Exception with this layout. If you use this pattern, a table column will be created to display the potential Exception's stacktrace. That means that, in most cases, the column will be empty, and will take quite a lot of space when displaying an exception's stack trace.

Since printing a stack trace on a separate column is not very readable, a better solution is available in the form of implementations of the `IThrowableRenderer` interface. These implementations can be called and assigned to HTMLLayout to manage the display of anything related to Exceptions.

By default, a `DefaultThrowableRenderer` is assigned to the HTMLLayout. It writes the Exception on a new table row, along with its stacktrace, in a easily readable manner, like presented in the picture above.

If one wants to use the %ex pattern anyway, then a `NOPThrowableRenderer` can be specified in the configuration file.

A user-specified external CSS file can be linked to the html page. In that case, the following xml element can be nested into the `<layout>` element.

    <layout>
      ...
      <cssBuilder class="ch.qos.logback.core.html.UrlCssBuilder">
        <param name="url" value="path_to_StyleFile.css" />
      </cssBuilder>
      ...
    </layout>

In case one does not want to customize the html output, an internal CSS style is used.

The `HTMLLayout` is often, although not necessarily used in conjunction with `SMTPAppender`, to send a nicely formatted html email.

When one wants to use the `HTMLLayout` with a `SMTPAppender`, the following configuration would be typical.

    <configuration>
      <appender name="SMTP" class="ch.qos.logback.classic.net.SMTPAppender">
        <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.html.HTMLLayout">
          <param name="pattern" value="%relative%thread%mdc%level%class%msg" />
        </layout>
       <param name="From" value="sender.email@domain.net" />
       <param name="SMTPHost" value="mail.domain.net" />
       <param name="Subject" value="LastEvent: %class - %msg" />
       <param name="To" value="destination.email@domain.net" />
      </appender>

      <root>
        <level value="debug" />
        <appender-ref ref="SMTP" />
      </root>
    </configuration>

`HTMLLayout` can also be used with any `FileAppender`. In that case, one can specify a rolling policy to archive log messages automatically. One real world example could use the configuration below.

    <configuration>
       <appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
       <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">
         <ActiveFileName>lastLogEntries.html</ActiveFileName>
         <FileNamePattern>logEntries.%d{yyyy-MM-dd}.log</FileNamePattern>
       </rollingPolicy>

       <layout class="ch.qos.logback.classic.html.HTMLLayout">
          <cssBuilder class="ch.qos.logback.core.html.UrlCssBuilder">
            <url>address_of_a_custom_stylesheet.css</url>
          </cssBuilder>
          <Pattern>%relative%thread%mdc%level%logger%msg</Pattern>
          <Title>Logging Events</Title>
        </layout>
     </appender>

     <root>
       <level value="debug" />
       <appender-ref ref="FILE" />
     </root>
    </configuration>

## Logback access

Just like `ClassicLayout` restricts the possible `Layout` classes for the classic module, the `AccessLayout` imposes a structure for `Layout` objects in the access module. It is reproduced below.

    public interface AccessLayout extends Layout {

      String doLayout(AccessEvent event);

    }

Many access layouts are mere adaptations of classic layouts. Logback classic and access modules address different needs, but offer comparable power and flexibility.

### Writing your own Layout

Writing a custom `Layout` for logback access is nearly identical as to writing a `Layout` for the classic module.

The only difference comes from the fact that access layouts must implement the `AccessLayout` interface instead `ClassicLayout`.

### PatternLayout

Access' `PatternLayout` work the exact same way as it's classic counterpart.

However, the conversion specifier are different, giving specific access to request and response objects' attributes.

Here are the conversion specifier one can use with logback access `PatternLayout`.

Conversion Word | Effect
--- | ---
a / remoteIP | Remote IP address.
A / localIP | Local IP address.
b / B / byteSent | Response's content length.
h / clientHost | Remote host.
H / protocol | Request protocol.
l | Remote log name. In logback-access, this converter always returns the value "-".
reqParameter{paramName} | Parameter of the response. This conversion word takes the first option in braces and looks for the corresponding parameter in the request. %reqParameter{input_data} displays the corresponding parameter.
i{header} / header{header} | Request header. This conversion word takes the first option in braces and looks for the corresponding header in the request. %header{Referer} displays the referer of the request.
m / requestMethod | Request method.
r / requestURL | URL requested.
s / statusCode | Status code of the request.
t / date | Used to output the date of the logging event. The date conversion specifier may be followed by a set of braces containing a date and time pattern strings used by `java.text.SimpleDateFormat` . ABSOLUTE , DATE or ISO8601 can also be used. For example, %d{HH:mm:ss,SSS} , %d{dd MMM yyyy ;HH:mm:ss,SSS} or %d{DATE} . If no date format specifier is given then ISO8601 format is assumed.
u / user | Remote user.
U / requestURI | Requested URI.
v / server | Server name.
localPort | Local port.
reqAttribute{attributeName} | Attribute of the request. ^ This conversion word takes the first option in braces and looks for the corresponding attribute in the request. %reqAttribute{SOME_ATTRIBUTE} displays the corresponding attribute.
reqCookie{cookie} | Request cookie. This conversion word takes the first option in braces and looks for the corresponding cookie in the request. %cookie{COOKIE_NAME} displays corresponding cookie.
responseHeader{header} | Header of the response. This conversion word takes the first option in braces and looks for the corresponding header in the response. %header{Referer} displays the referer of the response.

Logback access' `PatternLayout` also recognize three keywords, which act like shortcuts to a certain pattern.

common or CLF

combined

The common keyword corresponds to the pattern %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b which displays client host, remote log name, user, date, requested URL, status code and response's content length

The combined keyword is a shortcut to %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b \"%i{Referer}\" \"%i{User-Agent}\". This pattern begins much like the common pattern but also displays two request headers, namely referer, and user-agent.

### HTMLLayout

The access version of `HTMLLayout` works like logback classic's version.

By default, it will create a table containing the following data:

Remote IP

Date

Request URL

Status code

Content Length

Here is what you can expect from a configured access `HTMLLayout`:

Access HTML Layout Sample Image

What's better than a real world example? Our own log4j properties to logback configuration translator is using logback access to showcase a live ouput, using a `RollingFileAppender` and access' `HTMLLayout`.

You can see the file by following this link.

Just like any access log, it can be altered simply by visiting the translator application.